Which bones are included in the axial skeleton?

The axial skeleton is composed of the bones that form the central axis of the body, providing support and protection for the vital organs. The correct answer includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

The skull houses and protects the brain and forms the structure of the face. The vertebral column, or spine, provides support for the body and protects the spinal cord. The ribs and sternum together form the rib cage which protects the thoracic cavity and internal organs such as the heart and lungs.

Understanding the distinction between the axial skeleton and other parts of the skeleton, such as the appendicular skeleton—which includes the limbs and their attachments—clarifies why the other answer choices do not fit. The pelvis, leg bones, shoulder girdles, hands, feet, and limb bones are all classified under the appendicular skeleton, as they primarily facilitate movement and are not involved in the axial support of the body. Only the skull and vertebral column, while important, do not encompass all elements of the axial skeleton, hence falling short of the complete representation of this skeletal classification.